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NEW QUESTION # 55
To effectively test your cloud native applications for "unknown unknowns", you need to employ various testing and deployment strategies. Which strategy involves exposing new functionality or features to only a small set of users?
- A. Canary Deployment
- B. A/B Testing
- C. Blue/Green Deployment
- D. Component Testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
The strategy that involves exposing new functionality or features to only a small set of users is called Canary Deployment. Canary deployment is a technique used in software development and deployment where a new version of an application or feature is released to a small subset of users or a specific group of servers. This allows for testing and gathering feedback on the new functionality in a controlled and limited environment before making it available to a wider audience. In a canary deployment, a small portion of the traffic is routed to the new version while the majority of the traffic still goes to the stable version. This allows for monitoring and evaluation of the new functionality in real-world conditions while minimizing the impact of any potential issues or bugs. If the new version performs well and meets the desired criteria, it can then be gradually rolled out to a larger user base or all servers. By exposing the new functionality or features to a small set of users initially, canary deployment helps in identifying any unforeseen issues, gathering feedback, and ensuring the stability and reliability of the application before a full deployment.
NEW QUESTION # 56
Which of the following step is NOT required for setting up the Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster access using a local installation of kubectl?
- A. Generate Auth token from the OCI console to access the OKE cluster using kubectl.
- B. Generate an API signing key pair (if you do not already have one) and upload the public key of the API signing key pair.
- C. Install and configure the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) CLI.
- D. Set up the kubeconfig file.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The step that is NOT required for setting up the Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster access using a local installation of kubectl is to generate an Auth token from the OCI console. The authentication for accessing the OKE cluster using kubectl can be performed using the OCI CLI configuration, specifically the API signing key pair and the kubeconfig file. Here are the correct steps for setting up the OKE cluster access using a local installation of kubectl: Set up the kubeconfig file: The kubeconfig file contains the necessary information to authenticate and access the OKE cluster using kubectl. It includes details such as the cluster endpoint, authentication method, and credentials. Generate an API signing key pair (if you do not already have one) and upload the public key of the API signing key pair: The API signing key pair is used for authentication with the OCI services. The public key of the key pair needs to be uploaded to the OCI Console to associate it with your user account. Install and configure the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) CLI: The OCI CLI provides a command-line interface to interact with the OCI services. It needs to be installed and configured with your OCI credentials, including the user's OCID, tenancy OCID, region, and the path to the API signing key pair. By completing these steps, you can configure kubectl to access and manage your OKE clusters from your local machine using the OCI CLI authentication configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which "Action Type" option is NOT available in an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Events rule definition?
- A. Streaming
- B. Notifications
- C. Functions
- D. Email
Answer: D
Explanation:
An action is a response that you define for the rule to perform when the filter finds a matching event1. The action type specifies the service that you want to invoke by delivering the event message1. The following action types are available in OCI Events rule definition1:
Streaming: Send to a stream from Oracle Streaming Service.
Notifications: Send to an Oracle Notification Service topic.
Functions: Send to an Oracle Functions Service endpoint. Email is not a valid action type for OCI Events rule definition. To send an email as an action, you need to use the Notifications service and subscribe to a topic with an email protocol2.
NEW QUESTION # 58
Which of these is NOT a valid authentication method for accessing an OCI API Gateway deployment?
- A. HTTP Basic
- B. API Key
- C. SAML Token
- D. OAuth
Answer: C
Explanation:
OCI API Gateway supports the following authentication methods for accessing an API deployment3:
HTTP Basic: The client sends a username and password with each request. The credentials are validated against a user database in Oracle Identity Cloud Service (IDCS).
API Key: The client sends an API key with each request. The API key is validated against a list of keys stored in IDCS or OCI Vault.
OAuth: The client obtains an access token from an authorization server (such as IDCS) and sends it with each request. The access token is validated against the authorization server and optionally checked for required scopes.
JWT Token: The client obtains a JSON Web Token (JWT) from an identity provider (such as IDCS or OCI IAM) and sends it with each request. The JWT is validated against the identity provider's public key and optionally checked for required claims. SAML Token is not a valid authentication method for accessing an OCI API Gateway deployment. SAML is an XML-based standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between different parties, such as a service provider and an identity provider4. SAML tokens are typically used for web browser single sign-on (SSO) scenarios, not for API access4.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which one of the following is NOT a valid backend-type supported by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) API Gateway?
- A. ORACLE_STREAMS_BACKEND
- B. STOCK_RESPONSE_BACKEND
- C. ORACLE_FUNCTIONS_BACKEND
- D. HTTP BACKEND
Answer: A
Explanation:
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) API Gateway supports various backend-types to handle incoming requests and route them to the appropriate backend service. However, "ORACLE_STREAMS_BACKEND" is not a valid backend-type in OCI API Gateway. "STOCK_RESPONSE_BACKEND" is a valid backend-type that allows you to configure static responses directly in the API Gateway without routing requests to any specific backend service. This can be useful for handling simple requests or returning predefined responses. "HTTP BACKEND" is another valid backend-type that enables routing requests to an HTTP backend service. "ORACLE_FUNCTIONS_BACKEND" is a valid backend-type that allows you to route requests to Oracle Functions, which are serverless functions that can be used to execute specific logic or operations. However, "ORACLE_STREAMS_BACKEND" is not a valid backend-type in OCI API Gateway. The API Gateway does not have native support for Oracle Streams as a backend service. Oracle Streams is a feature of Oracle Database that provides a publish-subscribe mechanism for data replication and distribution within an Oracle Database environment. It is not directly integrated as a backend service in OCI API Gateway.
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are a developing a microservices application that will be a consumer of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Streaming service. Which API method should you use to read and process a stream?
- A. ReadMessages
- B. GetMessages
- C. GetStream
- D. ReadStream
- E. ProcessStream
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct API method to read and process a stream in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Streaming service is "GetMessages". When consuming messages from a stream in OCI Streaming, you use the "GetMessages" API method. This method allows you to retrieve a batch of messages from the stream for processing. You can specify parameters such as the number of messages to retrieve, the maximum size of the messages, and the timeout for the request. By using the "GetMessages" API method, you can retrieve messages from the stream and then process them in your microservices application. This allows you to consume and handle the data in real-time as it becomes available in the stream. The "GetMessages" method provides flexibility in how you consume and process the messages, enabling you to implement custom logic and workflows based on your specific application requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following is defined as a configurable, low-latency infrastructure layer that controls the interaction between a network of microservices? (Choose the best answer.)
- A. Service Mesh
- B. Containers
- C. DevOps
- D. Kubernetes
- E. CI/CD Pipelines
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is "Service Mesh." A service mesh is a configurable, low-latency infrastructure layer that controls the interaction between a network of microservices. It provides functionalities such as service discovery, load balancing, traffic management, security, and observability for microservices-based applications. It is designed to improve communication and manage the complex interactions between services within a distributed system. Service mesh frameworks like Istio and Linkerd are commonly used to implement service mesh architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 62
How are cloud native application versions deployed to an OKE cluster when using a blue/green deployment strategy?
- A. Current applications are slowly replaced with new application versions.
- B. New application versions are deployed in minor increments to a select group of people.
- C. Both old and new application versions are deployed to production at the same time.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Blue/Green deployment strategy allows releasing a new version of an application using two identical environments where one of them is active at a given time. The current version of the application is provisioned on the active environment, whereas the new version gets deployed to the standby environment1. The traffic is shifted from the active to the standby environment by updating the ingress resource2. Therefore, both old and new application versions are deployed to production at the same time, but only one of them receives the traffic. Verified Reference: Announcing new deployment strategies for OCI DevOps Service, Blue-Green OKE Deployment
NEW QUESTION # 63
Your organization has deployed their e-commerce application on Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) and they are using the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR) service as their Docker image repository. They have deployed the OKE cluster using the 'custom create' option, and their Virtual Cloud Network (VCN) has three public subnets with associated Route Tables, Security Lists, and Internet Gateway. However, their application containers are failing to deploy. On investigation, they discover that the images are not being pulled from the designated OCIR repository, even though the YAML configuration has the correct path to the images. What is a valid concern here that needs to be further investigated?
- A. VCN hosting the OKE cluster worker nodes needs to have a NAT gateway to access OCIR repositories.
- B. OKE cluster needs to have a secret with the credentials of their OCIR repository and use that secret in the Kubernetes deployment manifest.
- C. Security List rule for TCP port 22 needs to be added to connect to the OCIR service.
- D. Identity and Access Management (IAM) credentials need to be added for each user that deploys applications to the OKE cluster.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A valid concern that needs to be further investigated in this scenario is whether the OKE cluster has a secret with the credentials of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR) repository and if that secret is being used in the Kubernetes deployment manifest. Here's why this concern is relevant: Access to the OCIR repository: In order for the OKE cluster to pull images from the OCIR repository, it needs proper authentication credentials. These credentials are typically provided in the form of a secret, which contains the necessary information to authenticate with the registry. Secret in the deployment manifest: The Kubernetes deployment manifest defines how the application containers should be deployed. It includes specifications such as the container image, resource requirements, and environment variables. To pull images from a private repository like OCIR, the deployment manifest needs to reference the appropriate secret that contains the registry credentials. If the images are not being pulled from the designated OCIR repository, it suggests that either the secret with the OCIR credentials is missing or it is not properly referenced in the deployment manifest. Further investigation should focus on verifying the presence and correctness of the secret, as well as confirming that it is correctly referenced in the deployment manifest for the application containers. By ensuring the presence of the secret and proper configuration in the deployment manifest, the OKE cluster will have the necessary credentials to access the OCIR repository and successfully deploy the application containers.
NEW QUESTION # 64
You developed a microservices-based application that runs in an Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster. It has multiple endpoints that need to be exposed to the public internet. What is the most cost-effective way to expose multiple application endpoints without adding unnecessary complexity to the application?
- A. Use a NodePort service type in Kubernetes for each of your service endpoints using the node's public IP address to access the applications.
- B. Deploy an Ingress Controller and use it to expose each endpoint with its own routing endpoint.
- C. Use a ClusterIP service type in Kubernetes for each of your service endpoints using a load balancer to expose the endpoints.
- D. Create a separate load balancer instance for each service using the lowest 100 Mbps option.
Answer: B
Explanation:
An Ingress Controller is a Kubernetes resource that provides advanced routing and load balancing for your applications running on a Kubernetes cluster1. An Ingress Controller allows you to define rules that specify how to route traffic to different services in your cluster based on the host name or path of the incoming request1. By deploying an Ingress Controller and using it to expose multiple application endpoints, you can achieve the following benefits1:
Cost-effectiveness: You only need to create one load balancer instance per cluster, instead of one per service, which reduces the cost of exposing your applications.
Simplicity: You only need to manage one set of routing rules for all your services, instead of configuring each service separately, which simplifies the application deployment and maintenance.
Flexibility: You can use different types of Ingress Controllers, such as NGINX or Traefik, that offer various features and customization options for your routing needs.
NEW QUESTION # 65
When developing microservices, each one can be developed in the language of choice. Which term describes this type of development? (Choose the best answer.)
- A. Agile
- B. DevOps
- C. Distributed
- D. Polyglot
Answer: C
Explanation:
The term that describes developing microservices in different languages of choice is "Polyglot." In a polyglot architecture, each microservice is developed using the most appropriate programming language or technology stack for its specific requirements. This approach allows developers to leverage the strengths of different languages and frameworks, enabling them to use the most suitable tool for each microservice while still maintaining interoperability between services.
NEW QUESTION # 66
You have two microservices, A and B running in production. Service A relies on APIs from service B. You want to test changes to service A without deploying all of its dependencies, which includes service B. Which approach should you take to test service A?
- A. Test using the current production version of service B.
- B. Test using a previous test version of service B.
- C. Test using an API mock of service B.
- D. This is not possible because service B is a dependency.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct answer is: Test using an API mock of service B. To test service A without deploying all of its dependencies, including service B, you can use an API mock of service B. An API mock is a simulated version of the API that mimics the behavior of the actual service. By using an API mock, you can isolate the testing of service A and simulate the responses and behavior of service B's APIs. With an API mock, you can define the expected responses and behavior of service B's APIs, allowing you to test the integration between service A and the mocked version of service B. This approach enables you to verify the functionality of service A without relying on the availability or changes in the actual service B. By decoupling the dependencies and using an API mock, you can perform independent testing of service A, ensuring its functionality in isolation.
NEW QUESTION # 67
You are building a cloud native serverless travel application with multiple Oracle Functions in Java, Python, and Node.js. You need to build and deploy these functions to a single application named travel-app. Which command will help you complete this task successfully?
- A. fn app --app travel-app deploy --ext java pyljs
- B. fn app deploy --app travel-app --all
- C. fn function deploy app travel-app--all
- D. fn deploy--app travel-app --all
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is: fn deploy --app travel-app --all Explanation:: To build and deploy multiple Oracle Functions as part of a single application named "travel-app," you can use the fn deploy command with the appropriate options. The command fn deploy --app travel-app --all is the correct syntax. Here's what each part of the command does: fn deploy: This command is used to deploy functions and applications in Oracle Functions. --app travel-app: This option specifies the application name as "travel-app," indicating that you want to deploy functions to this application. --all: This option indicates that you want to deploy all the functions within the application. By using fn deploy --app travel-app --all, you can build and deploy all the functions in your travel application across different programming languages (Java, Python, and Node.js) to the "travel-app" application in Oracle Functions.
NEW QUESTION # 68
In the shared responsibility model, who should perform patching, upgrading, and maintaining of the worker nodes in provisioned Oracle Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) clusters?
- A. It is the responsibility of the customer.
- B. It is an automated process.
- C. Oracle Support does it.
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the shared responsibility model, Oracle is responsible for securing the underlying cloud infrastructure and platform services, while customers are responsible for securing their data and applications within the cloud4. For provisioned OKE clusters, Oracle manages the control plane (master nodes) of the Kubernetes cluster, while customers manage the data plane (worker nodes) of the cluster5. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the customer to perform patching, upgrading, and maintaining of the worker nodes in provisioned OKE clusters5. Customers can use tools such as Terraform or kubectl to automate these tasks5.
NEW QUESTION # 69
Having created a Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster, you can use Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging to view and search the logs of applications running on the worker node compute instances in the cluster. Which task is NOT required to collect and parse application logs? (Choose the best answer.)
- A. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration.
- B. Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster.
- C. Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster.
- D. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes In the cluster.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is: Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster. Enabling monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster is not required to collect and parse application logs using Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging. Monitoring is a separate feature that allows you to collect metrics and monitor the health and performance of the worker nodes. To collect and parse application logs, you need to perform the following tasks: Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster: This enables the OCI Logging service for the cluster. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes in the cluster: This helps in targeting the logs generated by the worker nodes. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration: This involves specifying the log source, log path, and log format to parse and collect the application logs. By completing these tasks, you can collect and parse the application logs generated by the applications running on the worker node compute instances in the OKE cluster.
NEW QUESTION # 70
Which testing strategy achieves high velocity of deployments and releases of cloud native applications? (Choose the best answer.)
- A. Automated testing
- B. Integration testing
- C. A/B testing
- D. Penetration testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
The testing strategy that achieves high velocity of deployments and releases of cloud native applications is "Automated testing." Automated testing involves the use of automated tools and frameworks to execute tests, validate functionality, and detect issues or bugs in an application. By automating the testing process, developers and DevOps teams can rapidly test and validate code changes, ensuring that new features and updates are functioning correctly before being deployed to production. This approach helps increase the speed and efficiency of the testing process, allowing for faster and more frequent deployments of cloud native applications.
NEW QUESTION # 71
Which is ONE of the differences between a microservice and a serverless function?
- A. Microservices always use a data store while serverless functions never use a data store.
- B. Microservices are used for long running operations while serverless functions are used for short running operations.
- C. Microservices are triggered by events while serverless functions are not.
- D. Microservices are stateless while serverless functions are stateful.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is: Microservices are used for long running operations while serverless functions are used for short running operations. One of the key differences between microservices and serverless functions is the duration of their execution. Microservices are typically designed to handle long-running operations and may continuously run and process requests as part of a larger system. They are often deployed and managed as long-lived services. On the other hand, serverless functions are designed to handle short-lived operations or tasks that execute in response to specific events or triggers. They are event-driven and execute only when invoked, providing a lightweight and ephemeral computing model. Serverless functions are often used for executing small, isolated pieces of code without the need for managing infrastructure or scaling concerns. While both microservices and serverless functions can be stateless or stateful depending on the specific implementation, the key distinction lies in the typical duration and execution pattern of these components within an application architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which option best defines microservices?
- A. A finely tuned piece of software that performs a single or small collection of tasks.
- B. An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system.
- C. An open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
- D. A statically typed and compiled language.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is: "A finely tuned piece of software that performs a single or small collection of tasks." Microservices are a software architectural approach where a system is decomposed into small, independent services that are responsible for performing a specific set of tasks. Each microservice is designed to be focused, finely tuned, and highly cohesive, handling a single or a small collection of related tasks. This granularity allows for better scalability, maintainability, and flexibility in building complex applications. The other options provided do not accurately define microservices: An open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications refers to a container orchestration tool like Kubernetes, which can be used to manage microservices but is not a definition of microservices itself. A statically typed and compiled language describes a type of programming language characteristic and is not specific to the concept of microservices. An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system is a definition of a database or data storage system and is unrelated to microservices.
NEW QUESTION # 73
Which is NOT a valid use case for leveraging the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Events service?
- A. Triggering a function deployed in Oracle Functions when new files are uploaded to an OCI Object Storage bucket.
- B. Capturing the OCI Monitoring service alarms and invoking autoscaling of compute instances.
- C. Publishing all the OCI resource events in a specific compartment to the OCI Streaming service for later analysis.
- D. Triggering a notification action when a function completes its execution.
- E. Publishing a notification when long-lived tasks complete, such as an OCI Autonomous Database backup completion.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The use case that is NOT a valid use case for leveraging the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Events service is "Capturing the OCI Monitoring service alarms and invoking autoscaling of compute instances." The OCI Events service is designed to provide event-driven architecture and enable automated responses to events occurring within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. It allows you to react to changes and activities happening within your OCI resources. The Events service can be used to trigger actions based on events like file uploads, resource changes, or task completions. However, capturing the OCI Monitoring service alarms and invoking autoscaling of compute instances is not a direct functionality provided by the OCI Events service. Autoscaling based on monitoring metrics is typically handled by the OCI Autoscaling service, which is specifically designed for that purpose. The OCI Monitoring service provides monitoring and alerting capabilities, while the Autoscaling service handles the dynamic scaling of compute instances based on predefined policies and thresholds.
NEW QUESTION # 74
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