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TP makes wedding cakes that are sold to specialist retail outlets which decorate the cakes according to the customers' specific requirements. The standard cost per unit of its most popular cake is as follows:

The general market prices at the time of purchase for Ingredient A and Ingredient B were $23 per kg and $20 per kg respectively. TP operates a JIT purchasing system for ingredients and a JIT production system; therefore, there was no inventory during the period.
What was the material yield variance?

• A. The material yield variance was $175 000 A
• B. The material yield variance was $175 500 A
• C. The material yield variance was $98 500 A
• D. The material yield variance was $155 000 A
• E. The material yield variance was $155 500 A

A company produces a product that requires two materials, Material A and Material B. Details of the material quantities and costs for August are given in the table below.

Budgeted and actual output of the product for August was 12,000 units.
The material yield variance for August is:

• A. $1,840 A
• B. $1,340 F
• C. $1,590 A
• D. $1,740 A
• E. $1,340 A

A company produces trays of pre-prepared meals that are sold to restaurants and food retailers. Three varieties of meals are sold: economy, premium and deluxe.


Calculate, for the original budget, the budgeted fixed overhead costs, the budgeted variable overhead cost per tray and the budgeted total overheads costs.

• A. The variable cost per tray = $0.65; The fixed cost = $ 550 000
• B. The variable cost per tray = $0.85; The fixed cost = $ 530 000
• C. The variable cost per tray = $0.75; The fixed cost = $ 490 000
• D. The variable cost per tray = $0.45; The fixed cost = $ 320 000

GH manufactures a product using skilled labour and high quality materials. The company operates a standard costing system and a just-in-time (JIT) purchasing and production system. The standard selling price and variable costs for one unit of the product are as follows:


Calculate the following variances for October, taking account of the more detailed information regarding the labour mix:
(i) The total labour efficiency variance
(ii) The total labour mix variance
(iii) The total labour yield variance
Select the correct statements.

• A. Labour mix variance: $ 75 000 F
• B. Labour efficiency variance: $ 78 000 F
• C. Labour mix variance: $ 63 000 A
• D. Labour efficiency variance: $ 88 000 F
• E. Labour yield variance: $ 144 000 A
• F. Labour efficiency variance: $ 98 000 A
• G. Labour efficiency variance: $ 78 000 A
• H. Labour mix variance: $ 66 000 F

A medium-sized manufacturing company, which operates in the electronics industry, has employed a firm of consultants to carry out a review of the company's planning and control systems. The company presently uses a traditional incremental budgeting system and the inventory management system is based on economic order quantities (EOQ) and reorder levels. The company's normal production patterns have changed significantly over the previous few years as a result of increasing demand for customized products. This has resulted in shorter production runs and difficulties with production and resource planning.
The consultants have recommended the implementation of activity based budgeting and a manufacturing resource planning system to improve planning and resource management.
Select ALL the benefits for the company that could occur following the introduction of an activity based budgeting system.

• A. Under an activity based budgeting system the focus is on existing resources and operations. Adjustments are then made for changes in activity and price which results in past inefficiencies being perpetuated.
  Under a traditional budgeting system, only resources that are needed to perform activities required to meet the budgeted production and sales volumes are included.
• B. Activity based budgeting allows the identification of value added and non-value added activities and ensures that cuts are made to non-value added activities. ABB is also useful for review of capacity utilization.
• C. Activity based techniques including activity based budgeting focus on the outputs of a process rather than the input to the process. This approach provides a clear framework for understanding the link between costs and the level of activity. It allows the ranking of activities and the determination of how limited resources should be allocated across competing activities.
• D. The approach under an activity based system is to make arbitrary cuts in order to meet overall financial targets.
• E. ABB systems present costs under functional headings i.e. the emphasis is on the nature of the cost. The weakness of this approach is that it gives little indication of the link between the level of activity and the cost incurred.
• F. Under an activity based budgeting system, resource allocation is linked to the strategic plan is prepared after considering alternative strategies. This approach ensures that new activities that are required to meet the company's strategic objectives are included in the budget.